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Home / Applications / ASTM D5186 – Determination of Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Diesel Fuels by SFC

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ASTM D5186 – Determination of Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Diesel Fuels by SFC

By Heather Haffner

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August 25, 2022

Introduction

Application for the analysis of ASTM D5186 – Determination of Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Diesel Fuels by SFC

This application note provides a brief overview of the analysis if diesel fuel to ASTM D5186. Diesel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons including non-aromatic, mono-aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. It is well known that the composition of these compounds is closely related to the cetane number of the fuel, the cetane number is increased as the concentration of non-aromatics increases. As the cetane number decreases the amount of particulate matter in exhaust gas increases as the concentration of aromatics increases. The analysis of diesel fuel plays an important role in both the automobile and fuel industries.

ASTM published the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel Fuels and Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (D 5186 03) using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) in 2003. This application note demonstrates that SFC with supercritical CO2 can determine the non-aromatic and aromatic contents in commercially available diesel fuel in accordance with the ASTM D5186 method.

Experimental

ASTM D5186 SFC-FID system
SFC for non-aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbon contents determination (by ASTM D5186)

The SFC system we used consisted of a JASCO model PU-2080-CO2 Supercritical CO2 delivery pump, a GC-4000 Gas chromatograph with an FID (GL Science), JASCO’s CO-2060 Column oven, a BP-2080 automatic back-pressure regulator, and a JASCO AS-2059-SF autosampler with a Chromatography Data System controlling and data processing data from all of above modules. The SFCpak SIL PA column (5 µm silica gel, 4.6 mm I.D. x 250 mmL) was used for the sample separation. The column effluent was split upstream of the back-pressure regulator and a certain amount of the fluid was introduced into the FID as shown in Figure 1.

ASTM D5186 SFC-FID system schematic
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the supercritical chromatogram
1 = bottle of liquefied carbon dioxide, 2 = pump, 3 = autosampler, 4 = heating coil, 5 = column, 6 = column oven, 7 = preheating coil, 8 = splitter, 9 = FID, 10 = oven for GC, 11 = cooling coil, 12 = back-pressure regulator.

Keywords

ASTM D5186, SFC FID, SFC-4000-FID, diesel, cetane, aromatic hydrocarbons, non-aromatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel

Results

An SFC chromatogram of the standard mixture of 1-hexadecane (0.600 mg), toluene (0.0245 mg), tetralin (0.163 mg) and naphthalene (0.0163 mg) is shown in Figure 2. Excellent resolutions (Rs), 10.56 +/- 0.04 and 6.27 +/- 0.03 were obtained in the separation between 1-hexadecane and toluene peaks, and tetralin and naphthalene peaks, respectively. Also excellent reproducibility of retention times (0.12 to 0.17% RSD, n=10) and peak areas (1.37 to 1.73% RSD, n=10) were obtained as listed in Table 1.

Figure 2. SFC chromatogram of the standard mixture
Peaks: 1 = n-hexadecane (0.600 mg), 2 = toluene (0.0245 mg), 3 = tetralin (0.163 mg), 4 = naphthalene (0.0163 mg)) Conditions: column = SFCpak SIL PA (4.6 mm ID x 250 mm L, 5µm), flow rate = 2.0 mL/min, column temperature = 35°C, temperature of FID = 350°C, back pressure = 20 MPa, injection volume = 1 µL, GC oven temperature = 200°C

Table 1. Reproducibility of retention time and peak area

Analyten-hexadecanetoluenetetralinnapthalene
average of retention time (min)1.22402.06022.70683.3290
standard deviation (min)0.00210.00270.00320.0043
relative standard deviation (%)0.170.130.120.13
average of peak area (µV sec)5106731495562170114901
standard deviation (µV sec)69832472347258
relative standard deviation (%)1.371.651.601.73

We evaluated the linearity of peak response by injecting 1µL each of standard mixtures with several different concentrations that were made up by diluting 2, 3 and 4 times with n-hexadecane and observed good linearity.

We injected 1 µL of commercially available diesel fuel into the system and obtained the chromatogram which is shown in Figure 3. Four repetitive injections of the fuel quantified the contents of non-aromatic hydrocarbons to be (79.77±0.12%) and aromatic hydrocarbons to be (20.23±0.12%).

Figure 3. SFC chromatogram of diesel fuel
Conditions: injection volume = 1 µL. The other conditions are the same as in Figure 2.
Nonaromatic and aromatic content is 79.77 and 20.23% (standard deviation = 0.12%)

We have shown the JASCO SFC system can easily perform the analysis requirements of the ASTM with precision and accuracy.

This document has been prepared based on information available at the time of publication and is subject to revision without notice. Although the contents are checked with the utmost care, we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. JASCO Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of the use of any information contained in this document. Copyright and other intellectual property rights in this document remain the property of JASCO Corporation. Please do not attempt to copy, modify, redistribute, or sell etc. in whole or in part without prior written permission.

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About the Author

JASCO Application Note

ASTM D5186 – Determination of Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Diesel Fuels by SFC

Introduction

Application for the analysis of ASTM D5186 – Determination of Non-Aromatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Diesel Fuels by SFC

This application note provides a brief overview of the analysis if diesel fuel to ASTM D5186. Diesel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons including non-aromatic, mono-aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. It is well known that the composition of these compounds is closely related to the cetane number of the fuel, the cetane number is increased as the concentration of non-aromatics increases. As the cetane number decreases the amount of particulate matter in exhaust gas increases as the concentration of aromatics increases. The analysis of diesel fuel plays an important role in both the automobile and fuel industries.

ASTM published the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel Fuels and Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (D 5186 03) using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) in 2003. This application note demonstrates that SFC with supercritical CO2 can determine the non-aromatic and aromatic contents in commercially available diesel fuel in accordance with the ASTM D5186 method.

Experimental

ASTM D5186 SFC-FID system
SFC for non-aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbon contents determination (by ASTM D5186)

The SFC system we used consisted of a JASCO model PU-2080-CO2 Supercritical CO2 delivery pump, a GC-4000 Gas chromatograph with an FID (GL Science), JASCO’s CO-2060 Column oven, a BP-2080 automatic back-pressure regulator, and a JASCO AS-2059-SF autosampler with a Chromatography Data System controlling and data processing data from all of above modules. The SFCpak SIL PA column (5 µm silica gel, 4.6 mm I.D. x 250 mmL) was used for the sample separation. The column effluent was split upstream of the back-pressure regulator and a certain amount of the fluid was introduced into the FID as shown in Figure 1.

ASTM D5186 SFC-FID system schematic
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the supercritical chromatogram
1 = bottle of liquefied carbon dioxide, 2 = pump, 3 = autosampler, 4 = heating coil, 5 = column, 6 = column oven, 7 = preheating coil, 8 = splitter, 9 = FID, 10 = oven for GC, 11 = cooling coil, 12 = back-pressure regulator.

Results

An SFC chromatogram of the standard mixture of 1-hexadecane (0.600 mg), toluene (0.0245 mg), tetralin (0.163 mg) and naphthalene (0.0163 mg) is shown in Figure 2. Excellent resolutions (Rs), 10.56 +/- 0.04 and 6.27 +/- 0.03 were obtained in the separation between 1-hexadecane and toluene peaks, and tetralin and naphthalene peaks, respectively. Also excellent reproducibility of retention times (0.12 to 0.17% RSD, n=10) and peak areas (1.37 to 1.73% RSD, n=10) were obtained as listed in Table 1.

Figure 2. SFC chromatogram of the standard mixture
Peaks: 1 = n-hexadecane (0.600 mg), 2 = toluene (0.0245 mg), 3 = tetralin (0.163 mg), 4 = naphthalene (0.0163 mg)) Conditions: column = SFCpak SIL PA (4.6 mm ID x 250 mm L, 5µm), flow rate = 2.0 mL/min, column temperature = 35°C, temperature of FID = 350°C, back pressure = 20 MPa, injection volume = 1 µL, GC oven temperature = 200°C

Table 1. Reproducibility of retention time and peak area

Analyten-hexadecanetoluenetetralinnapthalene
average of retention time (min)1.22402.06022.70683.3290
standard deviation (min)0.00210.00270.00320.0043
relative standard deviation (%)0.170.130.120.13
average of peak area (µV sec)5106731495562170114901
standard deviation (µV sec)69832472347258
relative standard deviation (%)1.371.651.601.73

We evaluated the linearity of peak response by injecting 1µL each of standard mixtures with several different concentrations that were made up by diluting 2, 3 and 4 times with n-hexadecane and observed good linearity.

We injected 1 µL of commercially available diesel fuel into the system and obtained the chromatogram which is shown in Figure 3. Four repetitive injections of the fuel quantified the contents of non-aromatic hydrocarbons to be (79.77±0.12%) and aromatic hydrocarbons to be (20.23±0.12%).

Figure 3. SFC chromatogram of diesel fuel
Conditions: injection volume = 1 µL. The other conditions are the same as in Figure 2.
Nonaromatic and aromatic content is 79.77 and 20.23% (standard deviation = 0.12%)

We have shown the JASCO SFC system can easily perform the analysis requirements of the ASTM with precision and accuracy.

Keywords

ASTM D5186, SFC FID, SFC-4000-FID, diesel, cetane, aromatic hydrocarbons, non-aromatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel

This document has been prepared based on information available at the time of publication and is subject to revision without notice. Although the contents are checked with the utmost care, we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. JASCO Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of the use of any information contained in this document. Copyright and other intellectual property rights in this document remain the property of JASCO Corporation. Please do not attempt to copy, modify, redistribute, or sell etc. in whole or in part without prior written permission.
28600 Mary’s Court, Easton, MD 21601 USA • (800) 333-5272 • Fax: (410) 822-7526 • jascoinc.com/applications

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