Refolding of Cytochrome C Using Stopped-Flow
January 5, 2024
Download This ApplicationIntroduction
CD spectra provide information regarding the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. While the far-UV region elucidates structural information of the peptide backbone chain, the near-UV region of the spectrum highlights changes involving the aromatic amino acid residues. Therefore, coupling a CD spectrometer with a stopped-flow system is considered one of the best methods for analyzing the unfolding and refolding of proteins. This system now provides not only structural information pertaining to the protein in question, but also supplies this data on a sub millisecond time scale. The user can now obtain a more detailed picture of the time scale for when each protein unfolds and refolds.
This application notes demonstrates the use of the J-1500 CD spectrometer and SFS-492 Stopped-Flow system to monitor the refolding process of cytochrome c.
Experimental
| Measurement conditions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wavelength | 222 nm | 289 nm |
| Data acquisition interval | 5 msec | 10 msec |
| Spectral bandwidth | 4 nm | 2 nm |
| Response time | 4 msec | 8 msec |
| Syringe 1 | 2 mg/mL cyt c: 4.3 M GuHCl | 10 mg/mL cyt c: 4.3 M GuHCl |
| Syringe 1 loading volume | 30 µL | |
| Syringe 2 | 0.1 M acetic acid buffer (pH 6.3) | |
| Syringe 2 loading volume | 270 µL | |
| Accumulations | 36 times | 24 times |
| Flow rate | 1.5 mL/sec |
An aqueous solution of cytochrome c denatured by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was diluted with 0.1 M acetic acid buffer solution (1:9). The refolding process was observed at 222 and 289 nm to monitor the secondary structure changes and aromatic side chain residue environment, respectively.
Keywords
210-CD-0013, J-1500, Circular Dichroism, CD, stopped-flow, SFS-492, protein folding, biochemistry, refolding
Results
The change in the CD value at 222 nm reflects the fast refolding of the secondary structure within 200 msec (Figure 1). The change at 289 nm reflecting the aromatic side chains residue environment was slower than the change at 222 nm (Figure 2). This slower change appears in the latter step of the refolding process, which indicates the brief existence of an intermediate state with a refolded secondary structure and unfolded aromatic side chain residues.
Conclusion
This application note monitors the existence of an intermediate state by probing the refolding of denatured cytochrome c using a JASCO CD spectrometer and the SFS-492 Stopped-Flow system.
References
1. Elove, G. A., Chaffotte, A. F., Roder, H., and M. E. Goldberg, Biochemistry (1992), 31, 6876.
2. Chaffotte, A. F., Guillou, Y., and M. E. Goldberg, Biochemistry (1992), 31, 9694.
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Refolding of Cytochrome C Using Stopped-Flow
Introduction
CD spectra provide information regarding the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. While the far-UV region elucidates structural information of the peptide backbone chain, the near-UV region of the spectrum highlights changes involving the aromatic amino acid residues. Therefore, coupling a CD spectrometer with a stopped-flow system is considered one of the best methods for analyzing the unfolding and refolding of proteins. This system now provides not only structural information pertaining to the protein in question, but also supplies this data on a sub millisecond time scale. The user can now obtain a more detailed picture of the time scale for when each protein unfolds and refolds.
This application notes demonstrates the use of the J-1500 CD spectrometer and SFS-492 Stopped-Flow system to monitor the refolding process of cytochrome c.
Experimental
| Measurement conditions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wavelength | 222 nm | 289 nm |
| Data acquisition interval | 5 msec | 10 msec |
| Spectral bandwidth | 4 nm | 2 nm |
| Response time | 4 msec | 8 msec |
| Syringe 1 | 2 mg/mL cyt c: 4.3 M GuHCl | 10 mg/mL cyt c: 4.3 M GuHCl |
| Syringe 1 loading volume | 30 µL | |
| Syringe 2 | 0.1 M acetic acid buffer (pH 6.3) | |
| Syringe 2 loading volume | 270 µL | |
| Accumulations | 36 times | 24 times |
| Flow rate | 1.5 mL/sec |
An aqueous solution of cytochrome c denatured by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was diluted with 0.1 M acetic acid buffer solution (1:9). The refolding process was observed at 222 and 289 nm to monitor the secondary structure changes and aromatic side chain residue environment, respectively.
Results
The change in the CD value at 222 nm reflects the fast refolding of the secondary structure within 200 msec (Figure 1). The change at 289 nm reflecting the aromatic side chains residue environment was slower than the change at 222 nm (Figure 2). This slower change appears in the latter step of the refolding process, which indicates the brief existence of an intermediate state with a refolded secondary structure and unfolded aromatic side chain residues.
Conclusion
This application note monitors the existence of an intermediate state by probing the refolding of denatured cytochrome c using a JASCO CD spectrometer and the SFS-492 Stopped-Flow system.
Keywords
210-CD-0013, J-1500, Circular Dichroism, CD, stopped-flow, SFS-492, protein folding, biochemistry, refolding
References
1. Elove, G. A., Chaffotte, A. F., Roder, H., and M. E. Goldberg, Biochemistry (1992), 31, 6876.
2. Chaffotte, A. F., Guillou, Y., and M. E. Goldberg, Biochemistry (1992), 31, 9694.