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Home / Applications / Raman measurement of surface iron oxidation states

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Raman measurement of surface iron oxidation states

By Carlos Morillo

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January 5, 2024

Introduction

Figure 1. Raman spectra of iron oxides and hydroxides

Rust that occurs when iron materials corrode has various oxidation states and crystal structures, such as Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeOOH, resulting in differences in Raman spectra (Figure 1). Since the type of rust that occurs depends on the exposure environment, analysis of the oxidation state of the rust can lead to the elucidation of the causes of corrosion, and the necessary steps to prevent it. In this note, we introduce the results of the analysis of oxidation states on the surface of iron materials using a micro Raman spectrometer.

Experimental

Samples: Two samples* taken from different environments (indoor and outdoor) were analyzed.
*Details of the environment in which the samplers were previously exposed, both indoors and outdoors at the time of sampling are unknown.

Measurement procedure and results:

Figure 2. Results of samples collected outdoors

1. Point measurements for each rust sample
Multiple spectra from different oxidation states such as α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were obtained from samples collected indoors, with γ-FeOOH being mostly detected from samples collected from outdoor samples (Figure 2).

2. Imaging measurement of samples collected indoors (evaluation of component distribution)

 NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer
Figure 3. NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer

Three different spectra were obtained. Here, the typical spectrum of each component was used as the reference spectrum (the spectra are shown in Figure 4), and a chemical image was created using the correlation (similarity) with the reference spectrum. Using a false-color map to create a chemical image, it is possible to visualize the component distribution that may be difficult to determine visually, which is thought useful for analyzing the cause of corrosion.

Parameters for imaging and point measurement

Since the surface of rusted metal has a lot of irregularities, Surface Scan Imaging (SSI) was used for imaging measurement along the irregularities. (Reference: Application Note 260-AN-0017).  SSI has the ability to quickly image and map rough or uneven samples.

Main Unit: NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer
Ex wavelength532 nmData interval2 µm
Exposure time15 secondsAccumulation1 time
Objective lens100x, long work distance for dark field observation
Figure 4. Measurement results of sample collected indoors

Keywords

170-AN-0021

Results

Using Raman spectroscopy it is possible to analyze the oxidation state and crystal structure of inorganic substances, such as rust. In addition, SSI is a very effective tool for imaging measurement of samples with an uneven surface such as rust.

System Configuration
ModelDescriptionP/NRemarks
Main UnitNRS-5500Raman Spectrometer7119-J051A
532 nm laser
100 mW laser was used, but a standard 50 mW is also available.
OptionsRXY-57Automatic XYZ stage6947-J478B
SSI-457Surface Scan Imaging7118-J378A
RHG5-600B500600 gr/mm grating6947-J293A
RMIX57MIX observation unit 7119-J255AFor dark observation and MIX observation *1
LMPLFLN100xBDObjective lens for dark field observation, x100, long work distance, for Vis range1052-0196Choose the lens according to the sample.

*1 MIX observation is useful for colored samples.
Note: this is a factory option, field upgrade is not possible.
An objective lens for dark observation is also required.

<About the measurement of Figure 4>
• Measurement time, approx.30 minutes.To avoid changing the rust condition, weaken the laser intensity and increase the exposure time, it takes a little longer for wide-range imaging.
• If the surface roughness is not significant, the standard imaging function can be used instead of SSI.

This document has been prepared based on information available at the time of publication and is subject to revision without notice. Although the contents are checked with the utmost care, we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. JASCO Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of the use of any information contained in this document. Copyright and other intellectual property rights in this document remain the property of JASCO Corporation. Please do not attempt to copy, modify, redistribute, or sell etc. in whole or in part without prior written permission.

Featured Products:

  • NRS-5000 Series Confocal Raman Microscope

  • NRS-4500 Confocal Raman Microscope

About the Author

Dr. Carlos Morillo received his Post Doc at Advanced Industrial Science & Technology in Fukuoka and was a Research Scientist at Kyushu University in Japan where he lived for several years. Carlos received his Doctor of Engineering from Kyushu University and his Masters and BS from Simon Bolivar University in Caracas Venezuela. He is an Applications Scientist at JASCO.

JASCO Application Note

Raman measurement of surface iron oxidation states

Introduction

Figure 1. Raman spectra of iron oxides and hydroxides

Rust that occurs when iron materials corrode has various oxidation states and crystal structures, such as Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeOOH, resulting in differences in Raman spectra (Figure 1). Since the type of rust that occurs depends on the exposure environment, analysis of the oxidation state of the rust can lead to the elucidation of the causes of corrosion, and the necessary steps to prevent it. In this note, we introduce the results of the analysis of oxidation states on the surface of iron materials using a micro Raman spectrometer.

Experimental

Samples: Two samples* taken from different environments (indoor and outdoor) were analyzed.
*Details of the environment in which the samplers were previously exposed, both indoors and outdoors at the time of sampling are unknown.

Measurement procedure and results:

Figure 2. Results of samples collected outdoors

1. Point measurements for each rust sample
Multiple spectra from different oxidation states such as α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were obtained from samples collected indoors, with γ-FeOOH being mostly detected from samples collected from outdoor samples (Figure 2).

2. Imaging measurement of samples collected indoors (evaluation of component distribution)

 NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer
Figure 3. NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer

Three different spectra were obtained. Here, the typical spectrum of each component was used as the reference spectrum (the spectra are shown in Figure 4), and a chemical image was created using the correlation (similarity) with the reference spectrum. Using a false-color map to create a chemical image, it is possible to visualize the component distribution that may be difficult to determine visually, which is thought useful for analyzing the cause of corrosion.

Parameters for imaging and point measurement

Since the surface of rusted metal has a lot of irregularities, Surface Scan Imaging (SSI) was used for imaging measurement along the irregularities. (Reference: Application Note 260-AN-0017).  SSI has the ability to quickly image and map rough or uneven samples.

Main Unit: NRS-5500 Raman Spectrometer
Ex wavelength532 nmData interval2 µm
Exposure time15 secondsAccumulation1 time
Objective lens100x, long work distance for dark field observation
Figure 4. Measurement results of sample collected indoors

Results

Using Raman spectroscopy it is possible to analyze the oxidation state and crystal structure of inorganic substances, such as rust. In addition, SSI is a very effective tool for imaging measurement of samples with an uneven surface such as rust.

System Configuration
ModelDescriptionP/NRemarks
Main UnitNRS-5500Raman Spectrometer7119-J051A
532 nm laser
100 mW laser was used, but a standard 50 mW is also available.
OptionsRXY-57Automatic XYZ stage6947-J478B
SSI-457Surface Scan Imaging7118-J378A
RHG5-600B500600 gr/mm grating6947-J293A
RMIX57MIX observation unit 7119-J255AFor dark observation and MIX observation *1
LMPLFLN100xBDObjective lens for dark field observation, x100, long work distance, for Vis range1052-0196Choose the lens according to the sample.

*1 MIX observation is useful for colored samples.
Note: this is a factory option, field upgrade is not possible.
An objective lens for dark observation is also required.

<About the measurement of Figure 4>
• Measurement time, approx.30 minutes.To avoid changing the rust condition, weaken the laser intensity and increase the exposure time, it takes a little longer for wide-range imaging.
• If the surface roughness is not significant, the standard imaging function can be used instead of SSI.

Keywords

170-AN-0021

This document has been prepared based on information available at the time of publication and is subject to revision without notice. Although the contents are checked with the utmost care, we do not guarantee their accuracy or completeness. JASCO Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of the use of any information contained in this document. Copyright and other intellectual property rights in this document remain the property of JASCO Corporation. Please do not attempt to copy, modify, redistribute, or sell etc. in whole or in part without prior written permission.
28600 Mary’s Court, Easton, MD 21601 USA • (800) 333-5272 • Fax: (410) 822-7526 • jascoinc.com/applications

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